Glaxo Smith Kline Pakistan Limited Commerce Essay

Glaxo Smith Kline Pakistan Limited Commerce Essay GSK Pakistan Limited was created on January 1st 2000 through the merger of SmithKline Beecham Pakistan and Glaxo Wellcome Pakistan and it stands as the largest pharmaceutical company in Pakistan today. GSK leads the industry in value, volume and prescription market shares. Some of their key brands include Augmentin, Panadol, Seretide, Betnovate, Zantac and Calpol in medicine and renowned consumer healthcare brands include Horlicks, Aquafresh, Macleans and ENO. GlaxoSmithKline (GSK) is one of the Pakistans largest research-based pharmaceutical corporations that discovers, develops, manufactures and markets branded human health products. GSK has two main business divisions, pharmaceuticals and consumer healthcare. This profile deals with the pharmaceuticals division, which generates 85% of GSKs sales. GlaxoSmithKline (GSK) is also Pakistans leading research-based pharmaceutical company with a powerful combination of skills and resources that provides a platform for delivering strong growth in todays rapidly changing healthcare environment. GSK also has leadership in four major therapeutic areas anti-invectives, central nervous system (CNS), respiratory and gastro-intestinal/metabolic. Company produce medicines that treat six major disease areas asthma, virus control, infections, mental health, diabetes and digestive conditions. In addition, GSK is a leader in the important area of vaccines and are developing new treatments for cancer and has a growing portfolio of oncology products. The company also has a Consumer Healthcare portfolio comprising over-the-counter (OTC) medicines, oral care products and nutritional healthcare drinks, all of which are among the market leaders. GSK is primarily focused on the development, production and distribution of its own products. GSK is an important contributor to the national skills pool in areas of chemical and pharmaceutical research, manufacturing, management practice and sales marketing. FACTORY LOCATIONS: Registered Office: 1. GlaxoSmithKline Pakistan Limited 35-Dockyard, West Wharf, Karachi -74000. Telephones: 92-21-2315478-82 Fax: 92-21-2313632 Other Offices: 1. GlaxoSmithKline Pakistan Limited F-268, S.I.T.E., Near Labour Square, Karachi-75700 Telephones: 92-21-2570665-69 Fax: 92-21-2572613 2. GlaxoSmithKline Pakistan Limited 18.5 km, Ferozepur Road, P.O. Box No. 244, Lahore Telephones: 5811931-35 Fax: 5820821 GSKS FINANCIAL DATA: Five Years Sales YEARS SALES (rupees in billions) 2002 6.9 2003 8.1 2004 8.8 2005 9.4 (Growth by 6.2%) 2006 10.1 (Growth by 7.1%) GRAPHICAL REPRESENTATION OF SALES (in millions) Companys Five Years Profit YEARS PROFIT (rupees in billions) 2002 0.54 2003 1.02 2004 1.47 2005 1.81 (Growth by 23.3%) 2006 1.66 (Decrease by 8.2%) GRAPHICAL REPRESENTATION OF PROFIT (in millions) Revenue breakup Benchmarking Ratio Name WYETH SEARLE ABBOTT GSK Current Ratio 4.10 1.714 4.76 4.4 Inventory Turnover 1.69 times 10.11 times 4.69 times 3.0 times Total Asset Turnover 60% 10.2% 1.17 times 1.1 times Profit Margin on Sales 0.182 0.032 0.17 0.16 Earnings Per Share 112 3.53 10.21 12.2 Return on Assets 10.9 3.2 19.9 21.5 CORE VALUE OF GSK GSKs value is based on its research strength linked to production marketing. The core of value creation is from the inventories of new chemical entities and it captures value through a high intensive sales and marketing process. Essential to the overall value proposition is the synergy of RD, production and commercial activities. GSK has been committed to its social and health related activities. Good Corporate Citizen is core value of GSK. Core values of GSKs can be summed up as a belief in performance with integrity, coupled with entrepreneurial spirit, focus on innovation, a sense of urgency and a passion for achievement. GSK are working to ensure the culture guides and informs everything they do by adhering to these core principles, they seek to create a climate in which the best people can always achieve to their full potential, and in turn help millions of people live longer, healthier and happier lives. NEW CHEMICAL INVENTROIES Production and commercial activities Synergy of RD GSK High intensive sales . Core Competencies of GSK : GSK has the core competencies in genetics, to enable them to integrate genetics effectively and responsibly into their current practice. Competency in these areas represents the minimum knowledge, skills, and attitudes necessary for health professionals from all disciplines (medicine, nursing, allied health, public health, dentistry, psychology, social work, etc.) to provide patient care that involves awareness of genetic issues and concerns. BUSINESS PROFILE GlaxoSmithKline (GSK) is one of the Pakistans largest research-based pharmaceutical companies that that discovers, develops, manufactures and markets human health products. It is an innovative company that produces branded products only, which it has developed itself. The company has two main divisions, pharmaceuticals and consumer healthcare. The consumer healthcare businesses of GSK consist of over-the-counter (OTC) medicines, oral care products, such as the toothpaste brands Aqua fresh, MacLeans and Sensodyne, and nutritional healthcare drinks. The pharmaceuticals division is the largest part of GSKs businesses and can be divided into prescription drugs and vaccines. The headquarters of GSK are located in the UK. The company operates in some 160 national markets. GSK conducts RD at more than 20 sites and employs 15,000 employees in RD. GSK is involved in many different RD partnerships with academic institutions, biotechnology companies and other pharmaceutical companies. The compa ny has a leading position in genetics and in new drug discovery technologies. BUSINESS PROFILE Pharmaceuticals Consumer healthcare Vaccines Prescription drugs Over-the-counter (OTC) medicines Oral care products Nutritional healthcare drinks Viral Vaccination Toothpaste Bacterial Macleans Aqua fresh Heart disease Infection Skin condition Sensodyne BUSINESS STRATEGY: GSKs business goal is to be a world leader in pharmaceutical industry. In order to achieve this, the company seeks to improve its RD pipeline, using a focused drug portfolio strategy and selective in-licensing agreements for the external contracting of RD. The company links RD closely to commercial operations to maximize the value of its RD portfolio. Furthermore, GSK seeks to increase brand name recognition among customers and to develop improved versions of older products, on which new patents can be obtained. It is a common strategy of branded drug producers to develop improved versions or more convenient formulations of drugs on which the patents have expired, and to persuade doctors and patients to use the enhanced version. Business strategy Being best place for best people to do their best work Optimising the performance of key products Delivering the product pipeline for patients Improving access to medicines Supply Chain of GSK Supply Chain Management according to GSK, is a process for ensuring continuity of supply through the rapid identification of actual and potential supply chain issues enabling pro-active management and the prevention of low and out of stock situations. SUPPLY CHAIN MISSION OF GSK: GSKs Supply Chain mission is to construct, harmonize and improve quality of all the product and go with the intend of satisfying the chain of suppliers suppliers and customers customers by providing right product, at the right time, in the right quantity, to the right place and becoming highly recognized by our employees, customers and shareholders and abiding by Government laws and regulations GSKs Objective of Supply Chain Issue Management à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢ To prevent low and out of stock situations occurring. à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢ Pro-actively identify any potential supply chain issues with the purpose of preventing low stocks and stock outs occurring. à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢ Resolve supply chain issues, at a local level where possible, excepting issue types categorized for immediate escalation. à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢ Provide a fast and effective mechanism for escalation where issues cannot be resolved at local level. à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢ Enable delivery of root cause analysis complete with follow up action to ensure the causes of actual and potential low stocks and stock outs are understood. à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢ To have one information source for all supply chain issues. à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢ To have global visibility of all supply chain issues. à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢ To enable rapid tactical response to commercial opportunities Supply Chain Integration P R O D U C T F L O W sales force activity (SFA) Transportation Supplier factory Warehouse Manufacturing Sales stations/Warehouse Customer Pharmacies Distributors I N F O R M A T I O N F L O W GSKs Supply Chain Structure Mr. Ahmad Jamal Qudsi (Commercial) Distribution Manager DISTRIBUTION MANAGER MASTER SCHEDULER MASTER SCHEDULER CAPAPCITY PLANNER PRODUCTION PLANNER PRODUCTION PLANNER Mr. Sajjad Zahid Shaikh (GMS) Manager Procurement, Shipping, Contracts, Regulatory affairs. PROCUREMENT MANAGER Exports mANAGER Local/ IMPORTED PURCHASE mANAGER Warehouse mANAGER Mr. Obaid (GMS) Purchase Manager b-65 F-268 w.w LHR Sales Force Activity ( Demand Generated)Supply Chain Process Manufacturing Planning (Demand Generated) Procurement Planning Vendors (Quotations asked) LC Follow up import dispatches Clearance Transit Time Material in Warehouse Material Available For Production Production Released by LTR FO Batches Packing line FO Quarantine Central Depots Dispatches Institutions Lab Test Results (LTR) Satellite Depots Distribution Wholesalers Retailers GSKs Global Manufacturing Supply Procedure GMS site disposals will be co-ordinated within a consistent process alongside communication plans. A consistent process will enable GMS in meeting the business case objectives. The process proposed will generally recommend decisions to the CET based on a balance between: à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢ Realising the synergy benefits from transferring production à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢ Maximising sale proceeds à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢ Minimising local labour redundancy à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢ Ongoing supply security à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢ Managing political and other local sensitivities Key features of the site disposal process are: à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢ It is GMS-managed with involvement of key stakeholders at the sites and in Legal Entities à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢ External contracted assistance will enable global marketing of the sites A phased and co-ordinated approach: Phase 1 preparation Phase 2 search Phase 3 negotiation The Escalation Process Step 1:Daily (regular) The regular dialogue between Demand and Supply managers is the foundation of SCIM. SCIM is only invoked when the agreed supply plan cannot be achieved and a resolution cannot be found by the demand and supply managers. Low stock and out of stock events are entered into the SOLS system or generated automatically. Demand and Supply Managers discuss entered events as appropriate. Supply Managers make proposals to resolve the event. Demand managers read proposals and agree by accepting the suppliers response to events with the customer satisfaction flag as a default value of yes or disagree and move the flag to no. If no is selected then commentary may be entered into the escalation field. This enables a report to be run selecting any items marked for escalation. Demand and Supply Mangers proactively view trends, and any issues which might potentially impact the supply of product. Step 2: Wednesday The Supply Manager prepares for the PCM. Reports are available from SOLS and other supporting computer systems identifying all issues. In particular, the SCIM report from the Data Warehouse. This is to be run for All Issues (in SOLS issues are referred to as events). The Supply Manager cuts his report in preparation for the PCM at the latest this is done on the Thursday morning. Step 3: Thursday The PCM is held. At sites of supply the PCM review all Low Stocks, Out of Stocks and any issues and their potential impact on the sites ability to supply. Where no resolution to actual and potential issues is found then the Supply Manager invokes the escalation procedure with the ALM or equivalent. N.B. Issues can be escalated by either the Demand Manager or the Supply Manager Step 4 Thursday/Friday The ALM (or equivalent) is brought in by either the Demand or Supply Manager to help resolve the issue identified. The ALM (or equivalent) runs the SCIM report from the Data Warehouse filtering on Unresolved Issues. If resolution can still not be made then the ALM progresses the issue with the Regional Logistics Director (RLD). RLD chair conference call with ALMs (or equivalent) and any guest Demand or Supply Managers required. RLD compiles consolidated market view for region of issues. RLD tries to find network solutions to supply issues. RLD flags unresolved issues as critical issues in SOLS. Step 5 Monday The Area Logistics Managers / Directors are brought into the discussions to assist resolution if necessary especially where a potential stock rationing situation might occur. VP of Global Logistics (VPGL) runs the SCIM report from the Data Warehouse filtering on Critical Issues. VPGL chairs conference call with RLDs and any guest ALMs, Demand or Supply Managers required. VP compiles consolidated market impact for issues. VPGL flags any unresolved critical issues as exceptional in SOLS. VPGL makes decision escalate critical issues and engage commercial and manufacturing executives. Step 6 Tuesday Formal review by RSDs, Vice-President Global Logistics, Senior Vice President Global Logistics and Strategy and any other appropriate senior manager. The SCIM report is run from the Data Warehouse filtering on Exceptional Issues. An output from this meeting (or teleconference) can be the establishment of a virtual team to resolve the issue. It will exist until the issue is resolved and is lead by the ALM (or equivalent) supported by the RLD. Where stock rationing is required the RLD will trigger the Rationing process VPGL reports on the commercial impact of exceptional issues. The RLD assumes overall responsibility for resolution of the exceptional issue. Supply Chain Process: Supply Chain Issue Management (SCIM) is a process for ensuring continuity of supply through the rapid identification of actual and potential supply chain issues enabling pro-active management and the prevention of low and out of stock situations and regular communication occurs between demand and supply managers. The process is driven from bottom up rather than top down. Issues are to be resolved at the lowest level. Trending analysis is to be done by the Supply Managers. The process is two way between demand and supply. Both supply performance and forecast accuracy are to be reviewed. SCORE MODEL P L A N N I N G BUYING USING STORE SELLING RM Manufacturer Make Deliver Source Make Deliver Make Source Deliver Source Deliver Source Plan Indenters GSK, Pakistan Distributors Return Return Return Return Return Return Supplier Suppliers Supplier Company Customer Whole salers Customers Customer PLANNING: Planning in GSK, Pakistan, is done by the demand function unit of the finance department. Below is a general diagram which shows how the planning takes place: The Process: The process starts with the doctors which prescribes medicines to the patients. The patients then ask for the drugs from the chemist which is basically a retailer. From retailer an order is then passed on to the distributor which then simultaneously ask for the drugs from the company. Now the daily data on sales is sent to the SMART Department of GSK which uploads the information in the database. Finally the queries and reports which are generated by the SMART Software help the Demand Managers, in the finance department, to predict the future demand for the specific drug. SMART Software basically creates the trend which help managers see the rise and fall in a drugs demands over the years. This helps them to accurately tell the procurement managers the demand required for the raw materials to be purchased for a specific drug. BUSINESS PLANNING: The corporate executive team of GSK does strategic planning on every last day of week which is co-ordinate within a consistent process alongside communication plans. The process proposed will generally recommend decisions to the CET based on a balance between realizing the synergy benefits from transferring production, Maximizing sale proceeds, Ongoing supply security. Corporate executive team (CET) Meeting Finance Department Discuss CET VP, Planning Sourcing Negotiation CET approval Corporate executive team . DEMAND FORCAST: As mentioned above the demand in GSK is forecasted by the Demand Function Unit of Finance Department. Finance department provides 24 months rolling aggregate demand forecast, which is known as ADS (Approved Demand Statement). This statement shows individual demands for all product lines demanded by end users. The softwares used by the finance department to predicts demands are BIPEX (also known as BPCS) and JD-Edwards. On the demand side markets review their sales plans on a regular basis (at least monthly depending on size of market) and feed into the supply sites Production control Meetings through the Supply Managers UNPLANNED DEMAND Unplanned demand is a demand, which comes unexpectedly Like at the time of War, NATURAL DISASTERS OR ANY EPIDEMICS According to GSK, they have a policy to maintain four weeks safety stock to handle the uncertainties. Stock, in the three categories, intended to maintain supply continuity resulting from a significant event that is unplanned. Top 20 Products (as defined by GSK annual sales, Pharma/Consumer Healthcare) Medically Critical and Access to Medicines products New Chemical Entities (NCEs), including Product Line Extensions (PLEs) SUPPLY STRUCTURE: Supply Issues (potential and actual) are reviewed formally each week. At the supply sites this is done at the weekly Production Control Meeting. Supply Issues are managed on a daily basis but the formal weekly meeting brings all aspects of supply and demand together for review; it adds a framework. Then after the supply plan has been made it is forwarded it to the Procurement Department. Master Production Schedule The entire production is based on this plan weather it is Tablet, syrup, or injectables manufacturing. This is set up on the bases of forecasted and some times unplanned demand as well. Date for all the batches is set up according to this plan but when there is a sense of urgency then there are some changes made. The figure below shows this process is generated: Master Production Arrival This is the inventory, which is going to arrive in bulk, and it is the job of Master Production Scheduler to arrange the bulk. This bulk can either be for export or for the market demand done through forecast. He also sets up when to make the required batch on which date. STOCK MANAGEMENT: GSK used inventory management system First in First out (FIFO). Inventory management (FIFO) of strategic stock to ensure proper rotation and reduce the potential of data used. Items at stock keeping unit level where, based on the forward sales forecast/ sales orders, the level of inventory is predicted to fall below 50% of the agreed safety stock within the next 90 days. SAFETY STOCK: GSK stores stock in ware houses for maximum flexibility of supply purpose. The stock is taken into account within 1 month of time. Material Management Planning: GSK, Pakistan is using BIPEX (also known as BPCS) to effectively and efficiently handle the Material issues. All transactions are made electronically into BPCS known as Business Planning Control System. If there is an additional requirement due to abnormal demand then there are some changes made in MRP. Capacity Planning Capacity means a measured ability to accomplish work. Capacity planning is a process in which capacity is planned based upon expected demand and it needs to be balanced with required capacity utilization and it also outlines the capacity requirements for the production, availability of machines and what are the standard hours, which they are required to meet the forecasted demand. And to manage the capacity control process GSK Pakistan is using 2 systems known as JD-Edwards and BIPEX which is also called as Business Process Control System (BPCS). SUPPLY CHAIN CONFIGURATION: Supply chain manager act upon the process enabling pro-active management of potential and actual supply issues in order that the impact on lost sales is minimized. Supply chain manager resolve supply chain issues, at a local level. The Supply Manager prepares for the PCM. Reports are available from SOLS and other supporting computer systems identifying all issues. In particular, the SCIM report from the Data Warehouse. . MAKE OR BUY DECISION: GSK Pakistan is currently importing 72 drugs, which includes all its vaccines and expensive oncology medicines such as Hycamtin. The reason why GSK imports these products are because there manufacturing is very expensive and Pakistan is not self sufficient in the raw materials which are required to make these products. Infact the climate of Pakistan makes it very hard for GSK to manufacture vaccines here. Thus all its vaccines are imported from Belgium. Also, these products cater to a very small market segment and manufacturing them here would not be profitable. SOURCING: Gsk Medicines contain active ingredients. They also contain other, additional ingredients called Excipients that help ensure the stability, safety and effectiveness of the medicine. They are also added to improve the medicines taste and appearance and to make it easier to take. Some may be used to prolong the life of the medicine Pharmaceutical ingredients include both synthetic chemical substances as well as material with biological orgin. Various control methods with chemical, microscopic and microbiological testing is covered during the course. In addition, the different national and international quality control regulations for pharmaceutical ingredients are taught. SOURCING PROCESS The Weekly Process At the day-to-day level the Demand and Supply Managers are engaged in managing the fulfillment of the order book, ensuring forecasts are kept up to date, handling any un-forecasted (abnormal) demand, and resolving any issues. This is normal daily activity. Any issues arising must be discussed with the objective of resolving at local level. Issues can come from either the Demand or the Supply side. The Stock Out and Low Stock (SOLS) Data Warehouse system is the main vehicle for recording and reporting issues and actions taken between Demand and Supply Managers. It is used as a formal means of identifying and tracking issues and the actions taken to resolve them. It is a dialogue application for use by the Demand and Supply Managers. Demand nodes will accept the proposals or escalate through the hierarchy. Data can be manually entered into SOLS. Supply sites must respond to recorded stock-out and low stock events according to SCIM time table PROCUREMENT GSK has an extremely large procurement organization largely left over from the 2001 merger between Glaxo Welcome and SmithKline Beecham. The purchasing group set a goal of developing what it called best value purchasing strategies, ensuring that GSK is getting the best possible price and cost for everything it buys. That means negotiating the best prices and making sure those contracts are adhered to. GSK has two types of purchases i.e. local purchases and foreign purchases PURCHASES LOCAL PURCHASES FOREIGN PURCHASES Raw Packing Material Group purchases Non Group purchases (party purchases) ) NIP (non inventory purchases) PROCESS FLOW FOR PURCHASE PR incorporated in:Incorporated By:Against Requisition of:BIPEXPPICPurchasesJD EdwardsConcern dept.NIPPurchase of inventory is approved through Firm Plan Order (FPO) by Purchase Planning and Inventory Control Dept (PPIC) and incorporates in system N.I.P. Concern department generate approved Purchase Receipt. Procurement Department (P.D.) received signed copy of FPO by PPIC and PR for N.I.P. Type of PurchasePURCHASE FLOW OF PRODUCT A FOREIGN PURCHJASES LOCAL PURCHASES Purchases Raw Material Packing Material N.I.P. Fixed Assets Consumable items Quotation calling Selection of Supplier through Quotation Evaluation Form Placement of Purchase Order (PO) by P.D. Information in PO: Supplier name Delivery schedule Quantity Required Rate (as decided with supplier) A SUPPLY of GOODS: Nature of MaterialMaterial Supplied at:PurchasesStores.NIPConcern Dept. 3way check: Invoice WITH P.R. P.O. by Commercial Finance Issuance of INVOICE by Supplier. Information in invoice: Delivery Challan #. P.O.# Recording of Liability depends on LTR. DOCUMENTS ISSUED BY DEPT.AFTER RECEIPT of MATERIAL from SUPPLIER Supply of:Documents IssuedBYTOPurchasesReceivers Ticket.(RT) Delivery Challan.Stores Dept.Quality Control (QC) Dept.NIPMaterial Receipt Note (MRN)Concern Dept.Incorporated in System. Lab Test Report (LTR) Incorporation of approved lots in BIPEX by QC Up to the Quality Accounts Dept. runs an auto report identify NEW LTRs Entries made by Accounts Dept. for new LTRs: DebitCreditENTRY for NEW LTRStock (@Standard rate)xxxPurchases Price Variance (PPV)-GSTxxx PPV- Other than GSTxxx Provision for purchases(actual payable amount)xxx PPV variance (with the Diff.) Fav/ (Un-Fav)xxxxxxPurchases (actual payable amount)xxx Purchases ContraxxxENTRY for NEW INVOICE (after approval of QC)Provision for Purchasesxxx Vendor Control A/Cxxx B Entries made by Accounts Dept. for new MRN: DebitCreditENTRY for NEW MRNExpense A/C (NIP)xxx NIP Commitment A/C xxx ENTRY for NEW INVOICE NIP Commitment A/C xxx Vendor Control A/Cxxx Payment to VENDOR Entries made by Accounts Dept. at Payment Stage DebitCreditVendor Control A/Cxxx Bankxxx Tax Liabilityxxx Raw Material Packing Material Purchase FROM Quotation Calling 3RD PARTY Selection of Supplier Raw Material Finished Goods GROUP Prices are already decided between GlaxoSmithKline Pakistan Limited Group Companies. Placement of Purchase Order (PO) by PD they incorporates PO, in BIPEX. Receives PERFORMA INVOICE (an agreement to sell) by Supplier. Type of L/C Opening of Letter of Credit (L/C) with Bank. Information in L/C: L/C #. Mode of transportation. Type of L/C. (Usance / Sight) Receipt of Shipment Schedule (SS), Suppliers Invoice Bill of Lading [B/L] (Negotiable Non-Negotiable Copy). Information in SS: Date of Shipment. Type of freight paid. At usage at sight C Submission of Negotiable Copy of B/L to Shipping Co. Submission of Non- Negotiable Copy of B/L to Ministry of Health for Approval of Material (as required under Drugs Act). Delivery Order (Delivery Challan) receives from Shipping Co. Submission to Custom for Clearance of Shipment. Receipt of SHIPMENT Certificate of Approval for Material by Ministry of Health alongwith exemption certificate (if any). LTR Up to the Quality Receipt of Agents Bill Testing of Shipment by QC Materials Average Lead Time GSK Pakistan only uses air freight to acquire imported materials and its lead time is approximately 120 days. Note that when materials arrive they also take clearance time which is about 4-5 days for air freight

Thematic Analysis of Jack Londons White Fang Essay -- Jack London Whi

Thematic Analysis of Jack London's White Fang White Fang, written by Jack London, is a wonderful adventure novel that vividly depicts the life of a wolf by the name of White Fang. Throughout the course of the novel, White Fang goes through numerous learning experiences as he interacts with humans and other wolves from Alaska around the turn of the century. Jack London uses the events that transpire during White Fang's life to illustrate that only the cunning, intelligent, and strong will be able to survive. The ideas of Darwinism and survival are reinforced by almost every action that takes place in the novel. Man is shown defeating nature through superior intelligence, a wolf cub conquers his puppy-hood, and a young wolf survives despite the hardships placed upon him by man.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  As the story begins, Jack London is quick to introduce his theme, but he opens the first three chapters without the main character, White Fang. Two men, named Bill and Henry, are trying to transport the body of a rich man across the frozen tundra of Alaska by sled dog, while a pack of hungry wolves is pursuing them. The wolves gradually kill off the team of dogs, and eventually Bill, in an attempt to survive the long winter. It is ironic in that both the wolves and Henry are struggling against each other for their lives. The wolves need to eat Henry to fight off their maddening hunger, and Henry needs to get rid of the wolves so he can remain living. In the end, Henry proves the victor of t...

The primary stakeholders for this case

The primary stakeholders for this case are the investors, stock holders and other clients that are directly doing business with the company. Furthermore, secondary stakeholders can be the company’s employees and board members. Whatever decision the company’s controller takes, it will have a direct effect on these com/tesco-and-oxfam-stakeholders/">stakeholders. b. The president’s request regarding increasing the allowance for doubtful accounts from 2% to 4% poses some ethical dilemma for the company.As the controller of the company, the controller knows what is best for the company, thus, suggesting a 2% allowance for doubtful accounts guarantees that the company will be, at least, achieve its target growth rate. However, the president wants the company to play safe, thus, suggesting an increase in allowance. Even though the president has a good intention in his request, the fact that he is overestimating the allowance poses many possible effects for the company and for the stakeholders in the long run.The company and its stakeholders might be mislead by the impression that they are achieving their target growth rate when in fact, that percentage is lower compared to the actual target growth rate that the company should accomplish. In addition, the request posted by the president does not have any quantitative data to support the decision. This, in the long run may underestimate the potential of the company in terms of financial growth because the increase in allowance in turn, means an decrease in company income (Clausen 2009).c. The company’s controller should be concerned in the company growth rate because as the company’s employee, he is also a stakeholder of the company who can be affected if wrong decisions are implemented. His job of assuring the company’s stability will be affected if wrong estimations regarding financial activities will be followed. He as the controller should make sure first if the presidentâ €™s suggestion would be suitable for the company before implementing it.If the suggestion will pose unreasonable risk for the company, then the suggestion should be abandoned and other ways on securing the company’s growth rate should be done to still achieve the target results (Clausen 2009). ? Source: Clausen, James (2009). Accounting 101 Allowance for Doubtful Accounts. Suite 101. com. Available at: http://accounting. suite101. com/article. cfm/accounting_101_allowance_for_doubtful_accounts

10 Jobs Where High School Dropouts Can Be Successful

10 Jobs Where High School Dropouts Can Be Successful There is a stigma attached to â€Å"dropping out† of high school, which can really appear to affect one’s job prospects. In 2015, almost 20% of unemployed people were high school dropouts. But there are ways to find your way to a successful career without having completed high school. Here are some totally respectable options. You will likely earn less over your lifetime than you would with a diploma or a bachelor’s degree, but that doesn’t mean you have to give up and call yourself a failure either.Here are some good job prospects for people without a high school diploma.1. Construction ManagerConstruction might not seem like the job you want forever, but if you can work your way up to manager, you can earn an average of up to $1.5 million in your lifetime. The number of these jobs is expected to grow, and the median wage is over $87k per year. You’ll probably want to take a few leadership courses as you make your way up the ranks, just to accelera te your promotion prospects.2. MechanicCars always need fixing. As an automotive service technician or mechanic, you can earn a median salary of nearly $38k per year. The competition is fierce, but the more technology skills you pick up along the way, the better off you’ll be. Bonus points if you specialize in big vehicles like buses or trucks- you’ll earn more and have less competition.3. Office ManagerOffice and administrative support managers keep an office running smoothly. This is one of the highest paid non-diploma jobs out there. The competition will be fairly tough, of course, but it’s a good living with estimated lifetime earnings of nearly $1.4 million.4. Sales RepWholesalers and manufacturers look more for candidates who can meet targets, rather than focusing on educational bona fides. These jobs pay well, plus commissions, and are great for communicative people persons. Make a median salary of over $59k per year.5. Food Service ManagerYou don’ t need a diploma to get a job in food service. And if you can work your way up to the managerial level, you can make over $48k per year in median pay. You will have to work long hours- lots of nights and weekends, but if it’s a lifestyle you can get behind, it’s good steady work.6. Administrative AssistantAdmin  work might be hard to get without a diploma, but not impossible. Particularly if you present yourself professionally and show your skills and experience from prior assistant jobs. The median pay is somewhere near $36k per year.7. ElectricianIf you can cultivate this marketable skill through work experience or vocational school, you can make an estimated $1.4 million lifetime as an electrician. Peak earners in this profession aren’t necessarily the ones with extra degrees or diplomas. If you’ve got the skills, you can make the bucks.8. MachinistMost machinists have not attended a four year college, though a bit of extra boning up at a vocational school would stand you in good stead to advance in this career path. Job opportunities in this field are good and estimated lifetime earnings are over a million.9. Home Health AideThis is not an easy job and the median annual pay is relatively low (just under $22k per year). But you don’t have to have a fancy education and you can really make a difference in people’s lives. You’ll need lots of interpersonal skills, stamina, and integrity, but if you’re an idealist and you love to help people, this could be for you.10. EntrepreneurAlways a big risk, but not impossible. If you have an idea or a talent you believe in, see about building a business. There are plenty of billionaires who started off as high school dropouts. All you need is the next big thing. It wouldn’t hurt to take a few courses on the side in business management and study the practices of successful entrepreneurs you’ve read about or met. Be careful, but if you feel strongly th at you can do it, it might be worth a shot.

Birth Order and Effects on Personlality essays

Birth Order and Effects on Personlality essays Birth Order and the Effects on Personality The psychological effects on personality resulting from birth order have been studied for over a century and psychologists have recorded many fascinating results. First borns are reported to be more responsible and achievement oriented then later-borns, who are in turn reported to be more socially successful than their older siblings (Sulloway p. 55). First borns deal with pressure from their parents to be the exceptionally better at everything. Brand-new parents tend to be a paradox when it comes to their first born child. One side of them is overprotective, anxious, tentative, and inconsistent. The other side can be strict in discipline, demanding, always pushing and encouraging more and better performance (Leman p. 62). Personality although not completely dependent on birth order relies heavily on which order one was born in. Birth order effects are a result of a competition among siblings as they Alfred Alder worked extensively with the effects of birth order on personality. He said that the firstborn child was dethroned by the birth of the latter child. As Alder reasoned Sometimes a child who has lost his power, the small kingdom he ruled, understands better than others the importance of power and authority (Sulloway p. 55.). It is natural for firstborns to identify more strongly with power and authority. They arrive first within the family and employ their superior size and strength to defend their special status (Sulloway p. 19). Alder felt that firstborns develop a striving to imitate their parents, to feel responsible for their siblings, and to protect others. They are often serious and dont like surprises. They thrive on control, being on time and organized. First borns automatically fit into the category labeled advanced&qu...

Home Schooling Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Home Schooling - Essay Example Looking at the nature of homeschooling it can be noticed that it seriously needs regulation. The regulation comes with challenges. The regulation of homeschooling has over the years had various critics criticizing its necessity. As much as there are various points that successfully explain the lack of necessity for homeschooling, there are arguments with bigger intensity explaining the need for regulating homeschooling. The arguments mainly proves the necessity of regulation of homeschooling to ensure its productivity. Discussion One reason why home schooling should be regulated is because of the high rate at which its rising and the high possibility of it being abused. Some parents might take advantage of homeschooling to serve their own interests. This is a possibility in cases where parents are trying to hide some aspects of their current or past lives. For instance, violent parents might take advantage of homeschooling to hide the inhuman things that they do to their children. Th is way they will be able to hide the bruises that result from the mistreatment that they subject their children to. This will create a scenario where the children will be having their basic rights violated, but no one will come to their rescue because no one knows. This can also be used by parents with criminal records to serve their own interest (Kunzman, 2009). However, it is clearly evident that this can have very minimal effect on the overall effectiveness of the productivity of homeschooling. Homeschooling should also be regulated because of the quality of education that all individuals are entitled to. Researches have it that, without proper regulation, the quality of education given to homeschooling students can easily be compromised. As much as there is always a fixed curriculum to be followed by both homeschool and public school teachers, it is hard to tell whether the homeschool teachers effectively cover the curriculum. This will mean that, in the end, the students would not have attained the intellectual maturity that is expected of a student that has gone through the United States of America’s education system (McMullen, 2002). The ultimate result of this sub quality education is that the students will not be able to keep up with the students going through the standard type of education both at higher levels of education and in various professions. Students who have gone through homeschooling through their high school years are less expected to major in the natural sciences than the non-homeschooled students, and that more attention has to go to this because of the growing number of homeschooled students in the United States of America. Homeschooled students are not exposed to professional science teachers and labs and so do not have as many options, with their growing number this could be a threat the education system (Phillips, 2010). This will definitely call for regulation because the increase in the number of people being homeschooled will, therefore, mean that there is a significant decrease in the number of professionals in natural science, a factor that might affect the country economically, politically and socially. Taking a look at the motives that parents usually have when

The Influential Factors, Key Current Issues and Future Directions for Essay

The Influential Factors, Key Current Issues and Future Directions for International HRM in China - Essay Example The move from traditional closed door economy to ‘open door’ economy, has attracted foreign direct investments or FDI which have given considerable boost to its image as nation that is ready to embrace new culture of cooperation. The facilitating employment policies, labour law, joining world trade unions and forging alliances with international business community have been few of the major elements of its liberalization. The Government’s recognition of the importance of human resources has been critical to the expanding business opportunities for both within and outside the country. The new labour policies and laws that incorporate the international parameters and conform to the wider international regulations have proved the efficacy of international HRM that Chinese companies and corporate bodies are increasingly adopting within their core business strategies. Scholars assert that new IHRM practices have introduced new formats which are based on investment and stake owner equity (Bell, Khor and Kochhar, 1993). These are important issues as they cater to the wider welfare of the workforce. But according to Child (1994), there is still strong influence of sociologist ideology of the government towards work, performance and rewards in local joint ventures partner in business alliance of MNE in Chinese SOE. The contributory factor could be strong political regulations that favour local people. In the contemporary environment of competitive business, business practices of the domestic market are inadequate in the global market. Expanding business must take cognizance of the changed equation of business practice with reference to the changing socio cultural background of the country, where one needs to establish the business interests. National cultures are critical elements that determine the negotiator’s assumptions and help to form business strategy based on behavioral pattern (Cohen, 2004; Rubin & Sander, 1991). Hofstede, (1984) has also emphasized the importance of culture in business paradigms. China being culturally distinct economy, must be understood for making successful foray into business partnership and alliances. The increasing trend in IHRM to understand cross cultural values therefore become vital part of business in China within and across the business entities that are looking for exploiting business opportunities there. 2. Key current issues in IHRM Dowling et al. (1999) says that complexities of Chinese socio-political and cultural environment have posed serious challenges to the businesses, especially their IHRM practices. The cross cultural understanding and the wide diversity of national cultures and most importantly the tight control of government over international business are issues that need careful considerations. Poole (1999) believes that use of local talent and resources are important part of joint ventures that promote local economy. The socio-cultural value systems are vastly diffe rent and business practices are very sensitive to behavioural pattern and intrinsically linked to their socio-cultural value system. Schuler (2001) says that there is strong bond of national culture that prefers to deal with local people rather than expatriate managers. This is important issue with the MNCs as they often incur huge cost on training